{"id":162565,"date":"2023-12-07T23:06:19","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T23:06:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/protokolhukuk.com\/turk-borclar-kanunu-ve-viyana-satim-sozlesmesi-cisg-kapsaminda-yabanci-unsurlu-satim-sozlesmelerinde-ayiptan-dogan-sorumluluk\/"},"modified":"2023-12-07T23:06:19","modified_gmt":"2023-12-07T23:06:19","slug":"turk-borclar-kanunu-ve-viyana-satim-sozlesmesi-cisg-kapsaminda-yabanci-unsurlu-satim-sozlesmelerinde-ayiptan-dogan-sorumluluk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/protokolhukuk.com\/ru\/turk-borclar-kanunu-ve-viyana-satim-sozlesmesi-cisg-kapsaminda-yabanci-unsurlu-satim-sozlesmelerinde-ayiptan-dogan-sorumluluk\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu ve Viyana Sat\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi (CISG) Kapsam\u0131nda Yabanc\u0131 Unsurlu Sat\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde Ay\u0131ptan Do\u011fan Sorumluluk"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"162565\" class=\"elementor elementor-162565 elementor-55718\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-834e74a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"834e74a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-16f4e59 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"16f4e59\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0d92cd exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0d92cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 05-08-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>PR \u2013 M &#8212; 033<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2bfc1c exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2bfc1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ticaret hukukunun uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde uygulanmas\u0131 farkl\u0131 hukuk sistemlerinde farkl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na sebebiyet vermektedir. Bu durum yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa hangi hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclememesi gibi sorunlara sebep olmu\u015ftur ve yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde \u00e7\u0131kabilecek olas\u0131 uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zecek yeknesak bir hukuk d\u00fczenlemesine ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmu\u015ftur.<\/p><p>T\u00fcrk hukukunda, yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00f6zel hukuka ili\u015fkin i\u015flem ve ili\u015fkilerde uygulanacak hukukun belirlenmesinde ilk kayna\u011f\u0131m\u0131z 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019dur (M\u00d6HUK) olmakla birlikte bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli kayna\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ise Viyana Sat\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019dir. Viyana Sat\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan milletleraras\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal sat\u0131mlar\u0131nda uygulanmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Viyana Sat\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesiyle birlikte d\u00fcnya ticaret kurallar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f, bundan \u00f6nce kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan belirsizlik ve kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f kurallar ve mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n mevcudiyeti ile daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><p>Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131mayan sat\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu uygulanmaktayken, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ve yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan sat\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine Viyana Sat\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi uygulan\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye CISG\u2019i 7 Temmuz 2010 tarihinde hi\u00e7bir \u00e7ekince koymadan kabul ederek, 1 A\u011fustos 2011 tarihinden itibaren antla\u015fmay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koymu\u015ftur.<\/p><p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin taraf olmas\u0131 ile Viyana Sat\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi i\u00e7 hukukun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle, yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan bir sat\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi \u00f6n\u00fcne gelen hakim, Viyana Sat\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini uygulamak zorundad\u0131r.<\/p><p><strong>Yabanc\u0131 Unsurlu Sat\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde Ay\u0131ptan Do\u011fan Sorumluluk (CISG)<\/strong><\/p><p>Sat\u0131lan ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r maldaki ay\u0131p kavram\u0131, T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu ve Viyana Sat\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nde birbirinden farkl\u0131 terimlerle ifade edilmektedir. Borcun ihlali niteli\u011finde olan bu durum, T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanununda \u201cay\u0131p\u201d kavram\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131lanmakta iken CISG\u2019de t\u00fcm ihlaller i\u00e7in \u201cs\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k\u201d kavram\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk bor\u00e7lar hukukunda hatta K\u0131ta Avrupas\u0131 hukuk d\u00fczeninde geleneksel olarak kabul g\u00f6ren genel s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ile ay\u0131ptan sorumluluk h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele al\u0131n\u0131r. CISG\u2019de ise Anglosakson hukuk sistemlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi ay\u0131pl\u0131 ifa genel s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir tezah\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p><p>T\u00fcrk hukukunda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k; ifa imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve gere\u011fi gibi ifa etmeme \u015feklinde iki ana ba\u015fl\u0131kta d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Common Law sisteminde ise s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck garanti taahh\u00fcd\u00fc te\u015fkil eder. Yani garanti taahh\u00fcd\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda, mal teslim edilmezse teslim taahh\u00fcd\u00fc, mal ge\u00e7 teslim edilirse vaktinde teslim taahh\u00fcd\u00fc, mal s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak teslim edilirse s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye uygun teslim taahh\u00fcd\u00fc ihl\u00e2l edilmi\u015f olur. B\u00f6yle bir ihlalin sonucunda ise tazminat sorumlulu\u011fu do\u011fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p><\/p><p>Ay\u0131pl\u0131 mal kavram\u0131 CISG\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, m.35\u2019te mal\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye uygun teslim edilmesi hakk\u0131nda gerekli hususlar d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130lgili madde kapsam\u0131nda, sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n teslim etti\u011fi mal s\u00f6zle\u015fmede belirtilen kalite ve t\u00fcrde olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer husus ise gerekli paket ve muhafaza sa\u011flanarak \u00fcr\u00fcn teslim edilmelidir. Teslim edilen mal\u0131n \u201cmutat kullan\u0131m amac\u0131na\u201d uygun olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir ve sat\u0131c\u0131ya a\u00e7\u0131k veya \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bildirilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6zel kullan\u0131m amac\u0131na elveri\u015fli olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>CISG\u2019de s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k halinde do\u011fan haklar, ancak ihlalin esasl\u0131 olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde kullan\u0131labilir. CISG m. 25\u2019e g\u00f6re, taraflardan birinin s\u00f6zle\u015fme ihl\u00e2li, di\u011fer taraf\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme uyar\u0131nca beklemekte hakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u015feyden \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131yorsa, bu ihl\u00e2l esasl\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dcretici; \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00f6nceden kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan \u015fekliyle, miktar\u0131, kalitesi ve t\u00fcr\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmayacak \u015fekilde paketleyerek ya da muhafaza ederek teslim etmek zorundad\u0131r. Taraflar\u0131n kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 kalite standard\u0131ndan daha k\u00f6t\u00fc kalitede \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin teslimi halinde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye uygun olmayan bir \u00fcr\u00fcn teslimi s\u00f6z konusu olacakt\u0131r. Al\u0131c\u0131 ise sat\u0131m konusu \u00fcr\u00fcnlere ili\u015fkin inceleme yapma ve uygun s\u00fcrede sat\u0131c\u0131ya ay\u0131p bildirimi yapma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p><p>CISG\u2019de s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k hallerinde al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu se\u00e7imlik haklar; ifa talebi, bedelden indirim talebi ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nme hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Al\u0131c\u0131 sahip oldu\u011fu ifa talebi kapsam\u0131nda, aynen ifay\u0131, mal\u0131n yenisi ile de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini veya mal\u0131n onar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteme haklar\u0131na sahiptir. Al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu se\u00e7imlik haklardan, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nme veya mal\u0131n yenisi ile de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini talep etmesi, ancak a\u011f\u0131r ihl\u00e2l h\u00e2linde m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr<\/p><p><strong>CISG Kapsam\u0131nda Tazminat Sorumlulu\u011fu<\/strong><\/p><p>CISG\u2019de tazminat sorumlulu\u011funu d\u00fczenleyen m.74\u2019te d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130lgili h\u00fckme g\u00f6re; <strong><u>S\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi ihlal eden taraf, yoksun kal\u0131nan kar da dahil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm zararlardan sorumludur.<\/u><\/strong> Tazminat sorumlulu\u011funun do\u011fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in; sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \/ al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ihlal etmesi, ihl\u00e2l sebebiyle bir zarar\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131 ve ihl\u00e2l ile zarar aras\u0131nda illiyet ba\u011f\u0131 bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. Tabi ki sorumsuzluk sebeplerinden birinin s\u00f6z konusu olmamas\u0131 gereklidir. S\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi ihlal eden ki\u015finin kusuru ya da ihmali aranmazken, bildirim yap\u0131lmas\u0131 veya ek s\u00fcre vermek suretiyle s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi ihlal eden taraf\u0131n temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi de gerekli de\u011fildir.<\/p><p>CISG m. 79\u2019da iki t\u00fcr sorumsuzluk sebebi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir; taraflardan birinin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi ihlal etmesinin kendi denetimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda meydana gelen bir engelden kaynaklanmas\u0131 hali ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin ifas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin g\u00f6revlendirilmesi halinde denetim d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olu\u015fan bir engelden dolay\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ihlal edilmesi durumudur. Yine CISG m. 80\u2019de de sorumsuzluk hallerinden birisi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir; d\u00fczenlenen ihlalin kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmas\u0131 halidir.<\/p><p>CISG kapsam\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ihlali halinde yani yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, \u201cay\u0131pl\u0131 ifa\u201d halinde al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu haklar m. 45 \u2018te d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir:<\/p><p><strong>Al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131pl\u0131 ifadan do\u011fan se\u00e7imlik haklar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Aynen ifa talep etme hakk\u0131 (m. 46\/1),<\/li><li>Ay\u0131ps\u0131z benzeri ile de\u011fi\u015fim talep etme hakk\u0131 (m. 46\/2),<\/li><li>\u00dccretsiz onar\u0131m talep etme hakk\u0131 (m. 46\/3),<\/li><li>S\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nme hakk\u0131 (m. 49) ve<\/li><li>Bedelde indirim talep etme hakk\u0131 (m. 50)<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n tazminat talep etme haklar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ihlal edilmesinden do\u011fan zarar\u0131n tazmini (m. 74)<\/li><li>S\u00f6zle\u015fme bedeli ile ay\u0131pl\u0131 ifa y\u00fcz\u00fcnden al\u0131nan ikame mal bedeli aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131n tazmini (m. 75)<\/li><li>S\u00f6zle\u015fme bedeli ile s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden d\u00f6nme an\u0131nda mallar\u0131n cari fiyat\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131n tazmini (m. 76)<\/li><\/ul><p><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\">07.12.2023<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Meltem G\u00f6nc\u00fco\u011flu<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Avukat<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PR \u2013 M &#8212; 033 Ticaret hukukunun uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde uygulanmas\u0131 farkl\u0131 hukuk sistemlerinde farkl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na sebebiyet vermektedir. Bu durum yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa hangi hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclememesi gibi sorunlara sebep olmu\u015ftur ve yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde \u00e7\u0131kabilecek olas\u0131 uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zecek yeknesak bir hukuk d\u00fczenlemesine ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrk hukukunda, yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00f6zel hukuka [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":77937,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ub_ctt_via":"","_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[325,326],"tags":[327],"class_list":["post-162565","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles-ru-2","category-makaleler-ru","tag-etiket-ru-2"],"aioseo_notices":[],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/protokolhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/MAKALELER.png","author_info":{"display_name":"Meltem G\u00f6nc\u00fco\u011flu","author_link":"https:\/\/protokolhukuk.com\/ru\/author\/meltemgoncuoglu\/"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/protokolhukuk.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/162565","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/protokolhukuk.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/protokolhukuk.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/protokolhukuk.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/protokolhukuk.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=162565"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/protokolhukuk.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/162565\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/protokolhukuk.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/77937"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/protokolhukuk.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=162565"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/protokolhukuk.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=162565"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/protokolhukuk.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=162565"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}